Abstract: To prepare coal-based carbon anode materials with high-performance sodium storage from coal and coal derivative pitch, a stepwise construction method of closed-pore structure through medium-temperature activation of coal and high-temperature co-carbonization with pitch was proposed. The study focused on the formation of high-volume porous carbon through medium-temperature activation with NaOH, followed by mixing with pitch and high-temperature co-carbonization to produce coal-based carbon anode materials with a high-volume closed-pore structure. The results indicated that the high-temperature co-carbonization of pitch with porous carbon inhibited the formation of long-range ordered carbon microcrystalline structures during the high-temperature carbonization of pitch alone, and effectively converted the open-pore structure of porous carbon into a closed-pore structure. The resulting carbon anode material exhibited a high closed-pore volume of 0.252 cm³/g, while the specific surface area was only 6.09 m²/g. Further investigation into the effects of the ratio of NaOH to coal, the ratio of pitch to porous carbon, and the carbonization temperature revealed that the optimal structure and sodium ion storage performance of the closed-pore carbon （AC/ZL−1400） were achieved when medium-temperature activation was conducted at 700 ℃ with a mass ratio of NaOH to coal of 1∶1, and high-temperature carbonization was performed at 1400 ℃ when the ratio of asphalt to porous carbon is 2∶1. AC/ZL−1400 exhibited a sodium storage capacity of up to 360.1 mAh/g at 30 mA/g, with a first-cycle coulombic efficiency of 81.27%. Additionally, after 400 long cycles at 150 mA/g, the capacity of AC/ZL−1400 remained at 182.50 mAh/g. This method provides a new approach for the high-value utilization of coal derivative pitch and low-rank coal.