Abstract: Driven by global climate change and the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals, carbon capture, utilization, and storage （CCUS） technology has become pivotal for achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction in industrial sectors. High-temperature calcium-based solid adsorption CO₂ capture technology has garnered significant attention due to its low cost and high adsorption capacity. However, CaO sorbents are prone to sintering and abrasion during cyclic operations, leading to performance degradation and hindering their large-scale deployment. The modification methods, large-scale preparation processes, reactor design, and pilot-scale calcium looping systems of CaO adsorbent in recent years are reviewed. Regarding modification strategies, organic acids, alkali metal salts, biomass-derived materials, metal oxides, and solid waste residues have all been employed to enhance CaO performance. For instance, propionic acid-modified limestone demonstrates a CO₂ capture capacity four times higher than untreated samples after 100 cycles. Particle preparation techniques for adsorbents include extrusion, spheronization, extrusion-spheronization, casting, and core-shell methods. These methods yield particles with varying mechanical strengths and CO₂ capture efficiencies. The extrusion-spheronization combined with spray drying, for example, produces microspheres with high CO₂ adsorption capacity （retaining efficiency after 25 cycles） and excellent abrasion resistance （weight loss <0.8% after 3 000 rotations）. In reactor design, fluidized bed reactors are most widely used but suffer from particle attrition, while moving bed reactors reduce size but face pressure drop issues. Pilot-scale systems in multiple countries and regions have validated calcium looping technology, such as the 200 kWh platform in Stuttgart, Germany, and the 1.7 MWh facility in La Pereda, Spain, achieving around 90% CO₂ capture efficiency. Future challenges include developing cost-effective large-scale production processes to address high raw material costs and low yields, optimizing reactor heat/mass transfer, and integrating waste heat cascade utilization systems to reduce energy consumption. Overcoming these hurdles will facilitate the transition of CaO-based CO₂ capture from engineering demonstration to industrial application.