Abstract: Lithium-ion capacitors (LIC) have attracted considerable attention due to their combination of high energy and power densities. However, their development is severely limited by the imbalance in capacity and reaction kinetics between the capacitive cathode and battery-type anode. Based on the unique aromatic layered structure and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups of long-flame coal, this study directionally prepared high-rate performance coal-based hard carbon anodes and high-capacity activated carbon cathodes through high-temperature carbonization and chemical activation, to optimize the imbalance between the battery-type anode and capacitive cathode. The results show that the hard carbon prepared by carbonization at 1400 ℃ exhibits a moderate content of graphite-like carbon and amorphous carbon, demonstrating a high initial capacity and excellent rate performance. The reversible capacities reach 245 mAh/g and 145 mAh/g at current densities of 0.02 A/g and 2 A/g, respectively. On the other hand, when the alkali-to-carbon ratio (KOH to coal mass ratio) is 4:1, the obtained activated carbon exhibits a high specific surface area of 3411.52 m2/g and a micropore volume of 1.219 cm3/g, enabling fast charge/discharge efficiency. A high reversible capacity of 69mAh/g is achieved at a current density of 0.05 A/g. The lithium-ion capacitor assembled with these cathode and anode materials demonstrates excellent overall performance: an energy density of 75.46 Wh/kg is achieved at a power density of 301.84 W/kg; even at a high power density of 5700 W/kg, the energy density remains at 52.28 Wh/kg; after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A/g, the capacity retention rate is as high as 83.7%, indicating excellent cycling stability. This study not only proposes an effective method for preparing coal-based hard carbon and activated carbon from low-rank coal and assembling them into high-performance lithium-ion capacitors, but also provides theoretical basis for the high-value and clean utilization of coal.