Abstract: The cement industry belongs to the traditional high energy consumption and high pollution industry. In 2022, the energy saving and consumption reduction of the cement industry began to accelerate. An oxy-fuel combustion test device for cement kilns is introduced, and the effect of oxy-fuel combustion technology on energy saving and consumption reduction in the cement industry is analyzed through experimental research and numerical simulation. The results show that oxy-fuel combustion in cement kilns is feasible: the combustible content in fly ash is lower than that in air combustion, and the optimal oxygen concentration range is 27%–30%. To maintain the flame shape and length, the primary air flow rates are kept consistent with those in air combustion during oxy-fuel combustion, with only the oxygen concentration changed. Reasonable partial oxy-fuel combustion in cement kilns can reduce exhaust gas heat loss, facilitating the cement industry’s efficient and low-carbon transformation of the cement production process.