Abstract: Zero-carbon energy has become a critical pathway for global energy transformation and sustainable development, attracting significant attention following the introduction of the “dual carbon” goals. Ammonia, as a promising zero-carbon fuel, offers advantages such as high hydrogen density, low-cost storage and transport, and carbon-free combustion products, demonstrating great application potential in energy and power systems including gas-fired boilers, gas turbines, industrial kilns, and internal combustion engines. However, ammonia combustion faces severe challenges, including flame instability, narrow flammability range, and excessive pollutant emissions, highlighting the urgent need for the development of efficient and clean ammonia combustion technologies. Progress in ammonia combustion technologies relies on a deep understanding of the underlying chemical reaction kinetics, which in turn depends heavily on the accurate and real-time acquisition of ammonia combustion component information, including the spatial distribution of microscopic radical groups and the overall concentrations of macroscopic products. In recent years, the measurement of ammonia combustion components has become a key focus and a technical challenge in the field of ammonia combustion research. Spectroscopic diagnostic techniques are commonly employed for ammonia combustion component measurements, with typical methods including laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy （LIF）, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy （TDLAS）, Raman spectroscopy （RS）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy （UV-AS）, etc. These techniques are widely used due to their advantages of non-intrusiveness, high sensitivity, high spatiotemporal resolution, and capability for simultaneous multi-species detection. This paper systematically reviews the current research status of spectroscopic diagnostic techniques in ammonia combustion component measurements, analyzes the applicability, measurement characteristics, and existing limitations of various techniques under different combustion conditions, and identifies future development directions such as multi-dimensional diagnostics and data fusion, providing guidance for the further advancement of ammonia combustion component detection technologies.