Abstract: Under the background of new power system construction, resource-based regions bear the double pressure of energy supply and carbon emission reduction, and face great challenges in low-carbon transformation. The formulation of effective development policies is an important support for sound and orderly development, and clarifying the mechanism by which policies drive electricity consumption is a key issue. In this study, the LMDI-Shanxi model is constructed by taking Shanxi Province, a resource-based region, as an example. The driving mechanism of economic scale, industrial structure, energy consumption intensity, degree of electrification, population size, population structure, and level of electricity consumption on terminal electricity consumption is analyzed, and the intrinsic correlation between policies and drivers is explored, so as to put forward policy recommendations for a smooth transition in resource-based regions. The results show that in the period from 2000 to 2021, the terminal electricity consumption in Shanxi Province increased by 210.301 billion kWh, and the economic scale and the degree of electrification are the main promotional factors of electricity consumption, with the contribution rate of 96.71% and 33.29%, respectively; the intensity of energy consumption and the industrial structure are the main inhibiting factors, with the contribution rate of −39.50% and −1.14%, respectively. The changes in economic scale, energy intensity, industrial structure and electrification are attributable to the vigorous promotion of industrial transformation policies and environmental protection policies. Measures such as capacity reduction, energy conservation, emission reduction and transformation and upgrading of key industries, as well as support for emerging industries, have optimized the industrial structure and curbed the growth of 8 247 million kWh of end-use electricity consumption from 2011 to 2020; It has also reduced the energy intensity of industries and reduced terminal electricity consumption by 71.169 billion kWh from 2000 to 2021; With the construction of urbanization, the level of residential electricity consumption increases and boosts electricity consumption by 21.176 billion kWh from 2000 to 2021. The size of the economy and the degree of electrification have determined that end-use power consumption in Shanxi Province will continue to grow, and industrial transformation and energy-saving and environmental protection policies need to be strengthened in order to balance power supply and carbon emission reduction. In addition, policy support such as thermal power flexibility transformation can be increased to enhance the safe operation of the power grid and promote the symbiotic complementary and synergistic development of thermal power and new energy power.