Abstract: Since the Industrial Revolution, the excessive use of fossil fuels has led to a sharp rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, triggering a severe global climate crisis. Against this backdrop, the development of efficient and low-energy Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies has become key to achieving the strategic goals of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality." Compared with traditional chemical absorption methods, membrane separation technology is recognized as one of the next-generation carbon capture technologies with the most industrial application potential, owing to its significant advantages such as modular design, no phase-change energy consumption, and operational flexibility.This paper first systematically reviews the research progress of high-performance membrane materials for CO2 capture, covering three main categories: inorganic membranes, organic polymeric membranes, and mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Addressing the "trade-off" effect between permeability and selectivity and the physical aging issues limiting organic membranes, molecular structure design and cross-linking modification strategies are discussed; for inorganic membranes, despite their high cost and processing difficulties, their application advantages under extreme operating conditions are analyzed. The discussion focuses on mixed matrix membranes, which combine the advantages of both, pointing out that regulating "sieve-in-a-cage" voids and chain rigidification through interface engineering is crucial for enhancing their performance.On this basis, the paper deeply explores the application potential and challenges of membrane technology in three core scenarios: coal-fired power plant flue gas, petrochemical hydrogen purification, and natural gas/biogas purification. Particular attention is drawn to critical engineering issues such as low partial pressure and competitive adsorption of impurities (SOx/NOx) in flue gas, and the CO2-induced plasticization effect in high-pressure natural gas.Distinct from traditional reviews, this paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation system covering separation performance, long-term operational stability, and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). Introducing the Levelized Cost of CO2 Capture (LCOC) as a core indicator, it quantitatively analyzes the economic balance point between permeability and selectivity. The analysis indicates that by optimizing multi-stage membrane processes and module design, membrane technology already possesses economic competitiveness superior to traditional amine absorption methods in medium-to-high concentration CO2 capture and space-constrained scenarios.Finally, the paper outlines future development directions, pointing out that breaking through the bottlenecks of roll-to-roll scale-up manufacturing of high-performance materials, establishing long-term service testing platforms based on real side-stream flue gas, and promoting "Membrane+X" multi-technology hybrid processes are key pathways to realizing large-scale industrial application of membrane-based CO2 capture.